Making History Come Alive Newsletter During World War II, Japan engaged in a series of biological warfare experiments, notably against China, which included the use of plague-infected fleas

This aspect of warfare is a significant yet often overlooked chapter in the history of the conflict, highlighting the brutal tactics employed by Imperial Japan and the profound consequences for the Chinese population.

Background of Biological Warfare

1. Historical Context: The use of biological weapons has a long history, but Japan's interest in this area intensified during the 1930s and 1940s. The Japanese military, particularly the infamous Unit 731, conducted extensive research into germ warfare, focusing on various pathogens, including the bubonic plague, anthrax, and cholera.

2. Unit 731: This covert biological and chemical warfare research and development unit was established by the Japanese Army in Manchuria. Led by Shiro Ishii, the unit conducted horrific experiments on live human subjects, including prisoners of war and civilians, to study the effects of various pathogens and to develop effective delivery methods for biological agents.

The Plague Bombing Incidents

1. Use of Infected Fleas: In 1940, Japanese forces began testing and deploying plague-infected fleas as a method of biological warfare against Chinese cities. These fleas were carriers of the bacterium *Yersinia pestis*, which causes bubonic plague. The strategy involved dropping bombs that released these fleas over populated areas.

2. Impact on Chinese Civilians: The bombing campaigns targeted cities such as Ningbo, Changde, and others. The released fleas, along with other infected materials, contributed to outbreaks of plague and other diseases, leading to significant civilian casualties and widespread fear. Reports suggest that tens of thousands of Chinese were infected, and the death toll from these actions is estimated to be in the thousands.

Consequences and Legacy

1. Medical and Social Impact: The deployment of plague-infected fleas not only caused immediate health crises but also instilled long-term fear and mistrust within affected communities. The psychological impact of such warfare tactics contributed to the suffering of the civilian population.

2. Post-war Accountability: After World War II, some members of Unit 731 were granted immunity from prosecution in exchange for their research data, which raised significant ethical and moral questions regarding accountability for war crimes. This decision has been a point of contention and debate in historical discussions.

3. Historical Memory: The events surrounding Japan's use of biological warfare have often been overshadowed by other aspects.